When and How Many Super Bowl Wins, by Team

The Kansas City Chiefs beat the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl LVIII. That’s three championships for the Chiefs in the last five years. How does that compare to teams who won previous Super Bowls over the past 58 years?

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Four Health and Safety Tips for Mass Gatherings

Berlin, Germany - April 5, 2015: People are watching a shop on the amphitheater's terrace at Mauerpark Berlin. The Wall Park is a park in Berlin. Its name dates back to the Berlin Wall , built in 1961 , the border between the then districts of Prenzlauer Berg and Wedding formed at this point.

There is strength in numbers – both in public health and in public safety. The more people who take action to protect themselves, the better prepared a community is for an emergency.

Communities take different forms. At a mass gathering like the Super Bowl, the Olympics, or in a public place like the airport, the community includes people you do not know, but whose actions could help prevent a catastrophe or save your life. Here are four things you can do to prepare yourself and protect others when traveling to, and attending, a mass gathering event.

Speech bubble with the words "If you see something, say something."“If You See Something, Say Something®”

Public health and safety are the shared responsibilities of the whole community. Everyone has to play their part to keep our neighborhoods, communities, and the nation safe.

If You See Something, Say Something®” is the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s national campaign that raises public awareness of the indicators of terrorism and terrorism-related crime, as well as the importance of reporting suspicious activity to state and local law enforcement. In other words, if you see something you know should not be there or observe behavior that does not seem quite right, say something.

The “If You See Something, Say Something®” campaign encourages people to follow their intuition and report suspicious activity, but leave it to law enforcement to decide whether an observed activity or behavior merits investigation. To report suspicious activity, contact local law enforcement, and describe in as much detail as possible what you saw, including:

  • Who or what you saw;What is considered suspicious activity? • Unusual items or situations, such as a vehicle that is parked in an odd location, or an unattended package or luggage is unattended • Eliciting information: A person questions individuals at a level beyond curiosity about a building’s purpose, operations, security procedures and/or personnel, shift changes, etc. • Observation or surveillance, where a person is showing particular interest in a public building or government facility including someone extended loitering without explanation, unusual, repeated, and/or prolonged observation of a building, taking notes or measurements; counting paces; sketching floor plans, etc.
  • When you saw it;
  • Where it occurred; and
  • Why it’s suspicious.

If there is an emergency, call 9–1–1.

For more information about the “If You See Something, Say Something®” campaign and to view Public Service Announcement videos, please visit https://www.dhs.gov/see-something-say-something

Know before you go

Think back to the last time you planned a vacation or weekend getaway, and how much time you spent shopping for airfare and comparing hotel rates. Not surprisingly, most people invest much less effort into gathering safety information about their final destination—and all points in between—before they get there.

  • Do your homework. Research the seasonal health and natural hazards. Monitor the local forecast up until the day you leave, and pack accordingly. Check for S. Department of State travel warnings and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) travel health notices if traveling overseas.
  • Be informed. Create a Twitter List for your trip that includes local public health, emergency management, and law enforcement agencies. Add the phone number for local law enforcement to your phone.
  • Share the details of your trip. Identify an emergency contact and make sure they have the itinerary for your trip, including your airplane and hotel reservations.
  • Identify an emergency meeting place. Wherever you go—the airport, the hotel, the stadium, etc. — make sure everyone in your group knows where to meet in case you get separated in an emergency.

Create a travel-size emergency kit

Emergency kits come in all shapes and sizes from large 72-hour family supply kits to smaller “go kits” for use in an evacuation. CDC recommends that anyone who travels—from daily commuters to world business travelers—also prepare a travel health kit that includes:

  • First-aid supplies, including a first aid reference card, bandages, antiseptic, aloe, and a thermometer
  • Important papers, including hardcopies of passports, medical insurance cards, and prescriptions
  • Personal needs, including prescriptions and over-the-counter medicines for diarrhea, allergies, asthma, motion sickness
  • Items specific to your destination, the time of year, and your planned activities, including water purification tablets, sunscreen, and insect repellent

Wash your hands.

When many people are gathered in one place, germs that are highly contagious, like influenza and norovirus, can easily spread person-to-person and on shared surfaces like airplane tray tables, restaurant menus, and restroom door handles. As a result, you or a loved one may bring home more than a lousy t-shirt to your friends and family.

Washing your hands with soap and water is one of (if not the) best ways to protect yourself from getting sick. Follow these five steps to wash your hands the right way every time.

  1. Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or cold), turn off the tap, and apply soap.
  2. Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap. Be sure to lather the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails.
  3. Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds. Need a timer? Hum the “Happy Birthday” song from beginning to end twice.
  4. Rinse your hands well under clean, running water.
  5. Dry your hands using a clean towel or air-dry them.

In addition to washing your hands and avoiding close contact with people who are sick, the single best way to prevent seasonal flu is to get vaccinated each year. Everyone 6 months of age and older should get a flu vaccine every year by the end of October, if possible.

Sources

Taxi ride volume during Super Bowl key moments

Taxi Super Bowl

A high percentage of Americans are glued to the television or party sample platter during the Super Bowl each year, which is especially obvious if you go anywhere without a television during this time. Todd Schneider for the Upshot looks at this phenomenon through the lens of New York taxi rides per minute.

Taxi activity’s lowest level in New York coincided with the climactic moment of the game, just as Malcolm Butler intercepted Russell Wilson at 9:59 p.m. to secure the 28-24 victory for the Patriots. New England called a timeout after Butler’s interception, but many Super Bowl party guests apparently didn’t wait around to watch Tom Brady take a knee before they hailed cabs.

Fun. Although nothing beats the Canadian toilet flushing symphony during the Olympic gold medal hockey game of 2010. [Thanks, Todd]

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Last thoughts on football, for now

Some thoughts from the Super Bowl on loyalty to a feud, refereeing, logical fallacies, and how hard it is to write rules that cover every situation:

1. I know, as a Cleveland fan, I should hate the Ravens for leaving Cleveland. They wanted a new stadium. Cleveland wouldn’t build one. They left. Cleveland built a stadium. It is all very complicated & I no longer care. I still cheer for the Browns & Ozzie Newsome* has built a hell of a professional football organization. So, congratulations Ravens.

2. That was defensive holding. If it was called, we’d be talking about the referees changing the game, just like we did when Ohio State beat Miami in the NCAA championship game in 2003. Football referees are pressured not to influence the game. Obviously, they make judgment calls all the time. Rugby referees are forced to acknowledge their subjective influence and seem to be much more at ease making a call that will directly impact the result, such as granting a penalty kick at the end of the game. There was also a terrible offensive pass interference that was not called. The 49ers arguable suffered more from this psychological factor than the Ravens.

3. The loss of power may have affected the game and hurt the Ravens momentum. The 49ers still lost. A win is a win. If the 49ers had won though, we could have used the “Superdome Lights Fallacy” to refer to the post hoc ergo propter hoc (after this therefore because of this) logical fallacy, which would probably be more fun for those of you who didn’t have four years of Latin in a Catholic high school.

4. Yes, that was holding, very egregious holding, holding that was not called, on the safety play at the end of the game. There was no point in calling it and there was no point in not holding. That is because the penalty for holding in your own end zone is a safety. Holding is not a penalty that stops play. So, no matter how much holding the Ravens did, the same amount of time would run off the clock and a safety would be awarded. In fact, were I in John Harbaugh‘s shoes, I would have told my guys to hold like their lives depend on it – whatever it took to keep the punter on his feet for as much time as possible. Sporting? Maybe not. Playing by the rules? Yes.

What I do wonder is, if the referees suspected the rules were being gamed in this way, could they have called an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty on the Ravens that could have been applied on the subsequent kick – making a last second field goal attempt more plausible. This issue could be resolved by putting a rule in place that put the time elapsed during the play back “on the clock” in the case of such penalties.

*As an old school Browns fan, I cannot hate anything with which Ozzie Newsome is professionally associated.